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Hawaii (state), only island state and the southernmost state in the United States. Hawaii consists of the Hawaiian Islands and a few other geographically unrelated islets located near the center of the northern Pacific Ocean. The state is composed of eight main islands and 124 islets, reefs, and shoals. Honolulu, the capital and largest city of Hawaii, lies about 3,900 km (about 2,400 mi) from the western coast of the United States mainland. The Aloha State, as Hawaii was officially nicknamed upon becoming the 50th state of the Union on August 21, 1959, occupies a land area almost wholly volcanic in origin. Some small areas above sea level consist of limestone derived from ancient coral reefs. These reefs were formed during periods when the sea level was higher than it is now. The diverse scenery in Hawaii also includes mountains rising to more than 4,000 meters (13,000 feet) above sea level; great stretches of barren lava beds; golden beaches rimmed by palm trees; magnificent cliffs and brightly colored canyons; dense rain forests and arid thorny scrublands; and a multi-hued patchwork of field and forest. The Hawaiian Islands were originally settled by Polynesian immigrants more than 1,000 years ago but probably remained unknown beyond Polynesia until Captain James Cook reached the islands in 1778. He named them the Sandwich Islands in honor of his patron, John Montagu, the fourth earl of Sandwich.
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The most striking development in world passenger shipping in 1974 was the emergence of the Soviet Union as a major new force in North Atlantic shipping. In 1974 the Soviets had three liners of more than 20,000 tons each operating out of western hemisphere ports on cruise and Atlantic service. During the year they bought the German liner Hamburg, which had been built for the German Atlantic Line, renamed it the Maxim Gorky, and put it into North Atlantic service. This vessel was the subject of numerous newspaper accounts during the year, many of which noted a distinct language barrier and castigated the Soviet stewards and stewardesses for displaying a general coolness toward the passengers. The ship itself, however, earned nothing but praise, and its low fares attracted large numbers of passengers. The Soviet lines added no oil surcharge onto their ships' ticket prices, and their rates per day were lower than those that Western shipping lines had to charge just to stay in business. The Soviets thus joined the Norwegians in filling the vacuum left when American shipping lines abandoned the cruise business. The overall Soviet position in world shipping had been steadily improving throughout the early 1970's. In 1974 the Soviet fleet ranked third in accommodations; in 1973, Soviet ships carried more than 45 million passengers, mainly on runs between Communist countries. To improve their fleet, the Soviets even offered to buy the France, the famous North Atlantic superliner that the French withdrew from service because they could no longer afford to make up its operating deficit with subsidies. The initiative of foreign passenger liner companies continued to surprise traditionalists in the United States. The retirement of the France brought an announcement from Cunard, the British shipping line, that their Queen Elizabeth II, the next largest liner in the world, would double the number of its Atlantic crossings in 1975. Foreign companies were active in developing other routes normally considered the province of U.S. companies. The Greek-dominated Sun Line, owned in part by a U.S. conglomerate, in 1974 sent its small but luxurious cruise ship Stella Maris II to run cruises out of Washington, D.C., to the Caribbean and to Latin America. The cruises ended at New Orleans, from whence passengers were flown back to Washington. One of the two U.S. lines still carrying passengers in 1974 was the Prudential Line. This company had acquired the Grace Line fleet some years previously but had laid up that company's two largest ships, the Santa Paula and the Santa Rosa. The former was eventually bought by Greek interests, and the latter was taken over by the U.S. Maritime Administration in August 1973. The Prudential Line retained four combination passenger-cargo ships operating out of the U.S. west coast to South America, the fourth, the Santa Magdalena, having been added to the service in 1973. The four ships were notable for having begun life with no smokestacks at all except for a small pipe called a "smoke stalk." So much unfavorable comment was caused by their silhouettes, however, that a little dummy stack was added to each ship. The ships' appearances, however, were not much improved. One example of the confused state of the U.S. cruise trade was the sale this year of Princess Cruises. This company, begun ten years previously with financing from another U.S. conglomerate, operated a 13,000 ton Italian-built vessel, the Italia, and a 20,000 ton Norwegian-built liner, the Island Princess. In the summer of 1974 the British P&O Line bought Princess Cruises. The Italia had been sold just prior to the sale, but the Norwegian ship was put under the British flag. Many of the ship's Italian crewmembers were retained, however. The British liner Spirit of London, built in Italy, was expected to join the fleet under the new setup. Princess Cruises' principal business was carrying U.S. tourists from Los Angeles on cruises to Canada and Mexico. One echo of past U.S. ocean liner glory, the handsome Independence, new in 1951, was sold in 1974 to a wealthy Hong Kong businessman. One of the world's largest liners, this 30,000 ton vessel took Princess Grace of Monaco on her honeymoon. In the ship's last days under the U.S. flag, its owners had painted a gigantic sun on its hull and had attempted to attract young people by offering rock music cruises. Nothing worked, and the ship was eventually laid up. C. Y. Tung, the Hong Kong magnate who bought the ship in 1974, was the same man who had owned the old Queen Elizabeth.
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